Uncle links to some Gun Law News analysis of Heller’s footnote 27, which concludes “Any law, to pass a constitutional challenge on Second Amendment grounds, must pass a strict scrutiny test.”
There’s no way in hell 2nd Amendment regulations will have to survive strict scrutiny. Sure, gunners will argue for strict scrutiny, but they’ll never find 5 votes for it.
The Gun Law News blogger makes a good effort, but there are a few things he might have missed:
Strict scrutiny is the highest level of review and it is almost impossible to pass. It is only applied when courts want to use a test that will be failed. And it is almost never applied outside of 14th Amendment cases involving racial classification.
Ever since strict scrutiny was invented, the S.Ct. has been backing away from it, which is why sex/gender discrimination under the 14th Amendment is covered by intermediate scrutiny. Intermediate scrutiny is the test used for discrimination cases that aren’t about race. It’s a high standard, and anything that smells bad fails this test. It was invented so that judges could either (a) reach for a test the case will fail or (b) make it look like the regulation passed a high bar of analysis.
Below intermediate and strict scrutiny is the lowly rational basis review. This is the test judges apply when they want a law to be upheld. Virtually no law fails this test.
Outside of the discrimination context, laws don’t really bump up against this scale. Rational basis appears a lot in cases, but the higher levels of scrutiny aren’t applied. Instead, various balancing tests are used. In the first amendment context, for example, courts weigh the appropriateness of time, place and manner restrictions, look for narrow tailoring, etc.
The crux of Gun Law News’s argument is that Heller says the courts are going to apply the substantive due process tests from discrimination cases to 2nd Amendment laws. To get there, the blog reads the court’s reference to “any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights” as including strict scrutiny. But I’m not aware of any S.Ct. application of strict scrutiny to any enumerated rights.
And while it’s true that footnote 27 says 2nd Amendment laws must pass a test higher than rational review, that test will likely be some sort of balancing or line-drawing test, just like with all the other enumerated rights.
What all of this adds up to is that the S.Ct. hasn’t ruled that strict scrutiny applies. And because strict scrutiny has at times been unwieldy in the race cases, I can’t imagine 5 votes for it. Strict scrutiny for 2nd Amendment cases would mean that almost no regulation of guns is permissible, and I just don’t see the court going that far.
Disclaimers: I’m not a constitutional law scholar or practitioner. My clients deal with these issues sometimes, but I wouldn’t call myself an expert. I haven’t read Heller all the way through yet. It’s on my list for this weekend. All of the above is just, like, my opinion, man.